I.Introduction In industrial automation and process control, selecting the right sensing technology is often the difference between stable operation and persistent measurement problems. False readings, unexpected downtime, and frequent recalibration are rarely caused by sensor defects alone, but more often…

I. Introduction Ultrasonic Sensors are widely used in industrial automation for distance measurement, level detection, material recognition, and obstacle avoidance. Although they all rely on the same fundamental principle—using high frequency sound waves to detect objects—their designs vary greatly depending…

Ultrasonic transducers are the core components that enable ultrasonic measurement and detection. Through electroacoustic conversion, they establish the link between electrical signals and ultrasonic waves in a medium. According to their structure and operating principle, they can be divided into…

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